ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Pirimicarb, an aphid selective insecticide, adversely affects demographic parameters of the aphid predator Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
1,
2
| 1 | Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, P.O. Box 14515/775, Tehran, Iran |
| 2 | Department of Plant Protection, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran |
CORRESPONDING AUTHOR
Shima Rahmani
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, P.O. Box 14515/775, Tehran, Iran
Department of Entomology, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Islamic Azad University, Science and Research Branch, P.O. Box 14515/775, Tehran, Iran
Submission date: 2016-03-20
Acceptance date: 2016-10-10
Journal of Plant Protection Research 2016;56(4):353–363
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Demographic toxicology is recommended for toxicity determination of the long term effects of a pesticide since it gives a more accurate and efficient measure of the effect of a pesticide. Thus, in the current study the sublethal effects of pirimicarb (carbamate insecticide) two concentrations of LC 30 and LC 10 were used against third instar larvae of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) in order to determine the effects of the pesticide on demographic parameters of the predator under laboratory conditions. Results showed that pirimicarb did not affect individual life parameters such as development time of larva, pupa, adult longevity, female and male longevity, adult preoviposition period (APOP), and total preoviposition period (TPOP). However, population parameters such as intrinsic rate of increase (r), net reproductive rate (R0), mean generation time (T), and finite rate of increase (λ) was affected by sublethal
treatment. For example, intrinsic rate of increase (r) was 0.18 day–1 in the controls but it was 0.13 and 0.14 day–1 in the treated insects with LC 10 and LC 30 concentrations, respectively. Also, there were significant differences between mean generation time (T) of the treatments and the controls i.e. mean generation time of the controls was 29.03 days while mean generation time in the two treatments of LC 10 and LC 30 was 33.93 and 31.66 days, respectively. The finite rate of increase was also significantly affected by sublethal effects of the pesticide. The results showed that pirimicarb, even at low concentrations, has potential to adversely affect the predatory ladybird, therefore care should be taken when this insecticide is used in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have declared that no conflict of interests exist.
REFERENCES (60)
1.
Adams A.J., Hall F.R., Hoy C.W. 1990. Evaluating resistance to permethrin in Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) populations using uniformly sized droplets. Journal of Economic Entomology 8 (4): 1211–1215.
2.
Amir-Maafi M., Chi H. 2006. Demography of Habrobracon hebetor (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on two pyralid hosts (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 99 (1): 84–90.
3.
An R.J., Li X.W., Zhang J.X., Zhang L.J. 2000. Study on bionomics of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze). Journal of Zhelimu Animal Husbandry College 10: 14–16.
4.
Atlihan R., Chi H. 2008. Temperature-dependent development and demography of Scymnus subvillosus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) reared on Hyalopterus pruni (Homoptera: Aphididae). Journal of Economic Entomology 101 (2): 325–333.
5.
Booth L.H., Wratten S.D., Kehrli P. 2007. Effects of reduced rates of two insecticides on enzyme activity and mortality of an aphid and its lacewing predator. Journal of Economic Entomology 100 (1): 11–19.
6.
Borgemeister C., Poehling H.M. 1989. The impact of insecticide treatments on the population dynamics of cereal aphids and their parasitoids. IOBC/WPRS Bulletin 12: 122–132.
7.
Cabral S., Garcia P., Soares A.O. 2008. Effects of pirimicarb, buprofezin and pymetrozine on survival, development and reproduction of Coccinella undecimpunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biocontrol Science and Technology 18 (3): 307–318.
8.
Chi H. 2012. TWOSEX-MSChart: a computer program for the age-stage, two-sex life table analysis. Available on: http://140.120.197.173/Ecology... [Accessed: 15 June 2015].
9.
Chi H. 1988. Life-table analysis incorporating both sexes and variable development rates among individuals. Environmental Entomology 17 (2): 26–34.
10.
Chi H., Liu H. 1985. Two new methods for the study of insect population ecology. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica 24 (2): 225–240.
11.
Chi H., Su H.Y. 2006. Age-stage, two-sex life tables of Aphidius gifuensis (Ashmead) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and its host Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) with mathematical proof of the relationship between female fecundity and the net reproductive rate. Environmental Entomology 35 (1): 10–21.
12.
Chi H., Yang T.C. 2003. Two-sex life table and predation rate of Propylaea japonica Thunberg (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) fed on Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae). Environmental Entomology 32 (2): 327–333.
13.
Cole P.G., Cutler A.R., Kobelt A.J., Horne P.A. 2010. Acute and long-term effects of selective insecticides on Micromus tasmaniae Walker (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae), Coccinella transversalis F. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Nabis kinbergii Reuter (Hemiptera: Miridae). Australian Journal of Entomology 49 (2): 160–165.
14.
Cong H., Beibei L., Dahan H., Li Z., Shiyu M. 2008. Effect of low-dose treatments of imidacloprid on predatory response and reproduction in Hippodamia variegate (Goeze). Journal of Agricultural Science 29: 23–25.
15.
Cornale R., Pozzati M., Cavazzuti C., Burgio G. 1996. Trattamenti insetticidi al grano: influenza su afidi e loro antagonisti naturali [Insecticide treatments to wheat: influence of aphids and their natural enemies]. Informatore Agrario 52: 35–39.
16.
Desneux N., Decourtye A., Delpuech J.M., Croft A.B. 2007. The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annual Review of Entomology 52: 81–106.
17.
Dimetry N.Z., Marei S.S. 1992. Laboratory evaluation of some pesticides on the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. and their side-effects on some important natural enemies. Journal of Pest Science 65 (1): 16–19.
18.
Efron B., Tibshirani R.J. 1993. An Introduction to the Bootstrap. Chapman and Hall, New York, USA, 465 pp.
19.
Fan G.H., Zhao J.F. 1988. Functional response of Adonia variegata to cotton aphids. Natural Enemies of Insects 10 (4): 187–190.
20.
Fan G.H., Liu B.X., Song Q.B., Ma G.R. 1995. Studies on biology of Adonia variegata Goeze. Entomological Journal of East China 4: 70–74.
21.
Feng H.Z., Wang L., Xiong R.C., Wang B., Ji C.S. 2000. A study on the population dynamics and predacious function of Hippodamia (Adonia) variegata (Goeze). Entomological Knowledge 37 (4): 223–227.
22.
Fisher R.A. 1930. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Clarendon Press, Oxford, United Kingdom, 291 pp.
23.
Forbes V.E., Calow P. 1999. Is the per capita rate of increase a good measure of population-level effect in ecotoxicology? Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18 (7): 1544–1556.
24.
Franzmann B.A. 2002. Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), a predacious ladybird new in Australia. Australian Journal of Entomology 41 (4): 375–377.
25.
Galvan T.L., Koch R.L., Hutchison W.D. 2005. Toxicity of commonly used insecticides in sweet corn and soybean to multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 98 (3): 780–789.
26.
Garratt J., Kennedy A. 2006. Use of models to assess the reduction in contamination of water bodies by agricultural pesticides through the implementation of policy instruments: a case study of the Voluntary Initiative in the UK. Pest Management Science 62 (12): 1138–1149.
27.
Goodman D. 1982. Optimal life histories, optimal notation, and the value of reproductive value. The American Naturalist 119 (6): 803–823.
28.
Gordon R.D. 1987. The first North American records of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Journal of the New York Entomological Society 95 (2): 307–309.
29.
Jafari R. 2011. Biology of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), on Aphis fabae Scopoli (Hemiptera: Aphididae). Journal of Plant Protection Research 51 (2): 190–194.
30.
James D.G. 2003. Pesticide susceptibility of two coccinellids (Stethorus punctum picipes and Harmonia axyridis) important in biological control of mites and aphids in Washington hops. Biocontrol Science and Technology 13 (2): 253–259.
31.
Jansen J.P. 2000. A three-year field study on the short-term effects of insecticides used to control cereal aphids on plant-dwelling aphid predators in winter wheat. Pest Management Science 56 (6): 533–539.
32.
Kennedy P.J., Conrad K.F., Perry J.N., Powell D, Aegerter J., Todd A.D., Walters K.F.A., Powell W. 2001. Comparison of two field-scale approaches for the study of effects of insecticides on polyphagous predadors in cereals. Applied Soil Ecology 17 (3): 253–266.
33.
Kim M., Shin D., Suh E., Cho K. 2004. An assessment of the chronic toxicity of fenpyroximate and pyridaben to Tetranychus urticae using a demographic bioassay. Applied Entomology and Zoology 39 (3): 401–409.
34.
Kontodimas D.C., Stathas G.J. 2005. Phenology, fecundity and life table parameters of the predator Hippodamia variegata reared on Dysaphis crataegi. BioControl 50 (2): 223–233.
35.
Lanzoni A., Accinelli G., Bazzocchi G.G., Burgio G. 2004. Biological traits and life table of the exotic Harmonia axyridis compared with Hippodamia variegata, and Adalia bipunctata (Col.: Coccinellidae). Journal of Applied Entomology 128 (4): 298–306.
36.
LeOra Software 1987. Polo-PC: A user guide to probit or logit analysis. LeOra Software, Berkeley, California.
37.
Megha R.R., Basavanagoud K., Kulkarni N.S. 2015. Safety evaluation of some selected insecticides against coccinellids Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fab.) and Hippodamia variegata (Goeze). Journal of Experimental Zoology 18 (1): 315–318.
38.
Michels G.J., Bateman A.C. 1986. Larval biology of two imported predators of the green bug, Hippodamia variegata Goeze and Adalia flavomaculata Degeer, under constant temperatures. Southwestern Entomology 11: 23–30.
39.
Michels G.J., Flanders R.V. 1992. Larval development, aphid consumption and oviposition for five imported coccinelids at constant temperature on Russian wheat aphids and greenbugs. Southwestern Entomology 17: 233–243.
40.
Oakley J.N., Walters K.F., Ellis S.A., Green D.B., Watling M., Young J.E. 1996. Development of selective aphicide treatments for integrated control of summer aphids in winter wheat. Annals of Applied Biology 128 (3): 423–436.
41.
Pang B.P., Zhao J.X., Meng R.X., Meng H.W., Yi W.D. 2000. Predation of Adonia variegata (Goeze) on the wheat aphid, Macrosiphum avenae (F.): intraspecific interference and space heterogeneity. Journal of Inner Mongolia Agricultural University 21: 13–17.
42.
Pianka E.R. 1994. Evolutionary Ecology. 5th ed. Harper Collins, New York, USA, 486 pp.
43.
Price W.P. 1997. Insect Ecology. 3rd ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA, 888 pp.
44.
Provost C., Coderre D., Lucas E., Bostanian N.J. 2003. Impact of λ-cyhalothrin on intraguild predation among three mite predators. Environmental Entomology 32: 256–263.
45.
Qi B., Gordon G., Gimme W. 2001. Effects of neem-fed prey on the predacious insects Harmonia conformis (Boisduval) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and Mallada signatus (Schneider) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). Biological Control 22 (2): 185–190.
46.
Rahmani S., Azimi S., Moghadasi M. 2016. LC30 effects of thiamethoxam and pirimicarb, on population parameters and biological characteristics of Macrolophus pygmaeus (Hemiptera: Miridae). Arthropods 5 (2): 44–55.
47.
Rahmani S., Bandani A.R., Sabahi Q. 2013. Population statistics and biological traits of Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) affected by LC30 of thiamethoxam and pirimicarb. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection 46 (15): 1839 –1847.
48.
Rahmani S., Bandani A.R. 2013. Sublethal concentrations of thiamethoxam adversely affect life table parameters of the aphid predator, Hippodamia variegata (Goeze) (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Crop Protection 54: 168–175.
49.
Rumpf S., Frampton C.D., Letrich D.R. 1998. Effects of conventional insecticides and insect growth regulators on fecundity and other life-table parameters of Micromus tasmaniae (Neuroptera: Hemerobiidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 91 (1): 34–40.
50.
SAS Institute Inc 2003. SAS/STAT User’s Guide, Version 8. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA.
51.
Schneider M.I., Sanchez N., Pineda S., Chi H., Ronco A. 2009. Impact of glyphosate on the development, fertility and demography of Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae): Ecological approach. Chemosphere 76 (10): 1451–1455.
52.
Soleimani S., Madadi H. 2015. Seasonal dynamics of: the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), its natural enemies the seven spotted lady beetle Coccinella septempunctata Linnaeus and variegated lady beetle Hippodamia variegata Goeze, and their parasitoid Dinocampus coccinellae (Schrank). Journal of Plant Protection Research 55 (4): 441–428.
53.
Southwood T.R.E. 1981. Bionomic strategies and population parameters. p. 30–52. In: “Theoretical Ecology: Principles and Applications” (R.M. May, ed.). 2nd ed., Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK, 489 pp.
54.
Stark J.D., Banks J.E., Acheampong S. 2003. Estimating susceptibility of biological control agents to pesticides: Influence of life history strategies and population structure. Biological Control 29 (3): 392–398.
55.
Stark J.D., Sugayama R.L., Kovaleski A. 2007. Why demographic and modeling approaches should be adopted for estimating the effects of pesticides on biocontrol agents. BioControl 52 (3): 365–374.
56.
Sterk G., Hassan S.A., Baillod M., Bakker F., Bigler F., Blümel S., Bogenschütz H., Boller E., Bromand B., Brun J., Calis J.N.M., Coremans-Pelseneer J., Duso C., Garrido A., Grove A., Heimbach U., Hokkanen H., Jacas J., Lewis G., Moreth L., Polgar L., Roversti L., Samsoe-Pettersen L., Sauphanor B., Schaub L., Stäubli A., Tust J.J., Vainio A., Van De Veire M., Viggiani G., Viñuela E., Vogt H. 1999. Results of the seventh joint pesticide testing programme carried out by the IOBC/WPRS-Working Group “Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms”. BioControl 44 (1): 99–117.
57.
Summers C., Coviello R., Cothram W.Z. 1975. The effects on selected entomophagous insects of insecticides applied for pea aphid control in alfalfa. Environmental Entomology 4: 612–614.
58.
Umoru P.A., Powell W. 2010. Sub-lethal effects of the insecticides pirimicarb and dimethoate on the aphid parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) when attacking and developing in insecticide-resistant hosts. Chilean Journal of Agricultural Research 12 (5): 605–614.
59.
Unal G., Jepson P.C. 1991. The toxicity of aphicide residues to beneficial invertebrates in cereal crops. Annals of Applied Biology 118 (3): 493–502.
60.
Youn Y.N., Seo M.J., Shin J.G., Jang C., Yu Y.M. 2003. Toxicity of greenhouse pesticides to multicolored Asian lady beetles, Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Biological Control 28 (2): 164–170.
RELATED ARTICLE
