ORIGINAL ARTICLE
European stone fruit yellows disease and its causal agent ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum'
 
More details
Hide details
1
Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticulture Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
 
 
Corresponding author
Mirosława Cieślińska
Department of Plant Protection, Institute of Horticulture Konstytucji 3 Maja 1/3, 96-100 Skierniewice, Poland
 
 
Journal of Plant Protection Research 2011;51(4):441-447
 
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
The European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) caused by ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’ (‘Ca. P. prunorum’), is a devastating, quarantine phytoplasma disease. This agent leads to serious damage in apricot and Japanese plum orchards, including decline of infected trees. The consequences are considerable economic losses in production. European plum and cherry are less susceptible to ESFY, although the ‘Ca. P. prunorum’ was also detected in these trees in several countries. ESFY seems to be limited to Europe and the neighboring regions (Asia Minor) as its incidence was reported from most of the southern and central European countries, Turkey, and Azerbaijan. ‘Ca. P. prunorum’ is transmitted by Cacopsylla pruni (Scopoli). The impact of ‘Ca. P. prunorum’ on stone fruit trees, as well as the methods of detection and identification and control management are reviewed.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have declared that no conflict of interests exist.
 
REFERENCES (97)
1.
Bertaccini A., Paltrinieri S., Laimer M., Hanzel V., Balla I. 2004. Improved molecular methods for detection of European stone fruit yellows (ESFY) phytoplasmas from in vitro shoots of fruit trees. Acta Hortic. 657: 459–500.
 
2.
Blomquist C.L., Kirkpatrick B.C. 2002. Identification of Phytoplasma taxa and insect vectors of peach yellow leaf roll disease in California. Plant Dis. 86 (7): 759–763.
 
3.
Brzin J., Petrovic N., Seljak G., Osler R., Ermacora P., Loi N., Carraro L., Ferrini F., Refatti N., Ravnikar M. 2001. First results on laboratory analyses of phytoplasmas on fruit trees. p. 217–221. In: Proceedings of the 5th Slovenian Conference on Plant Protection. 5–6 March 2002, Catez ob Savi, Slovenia.
 
4.
Carraro L., Ferrini F., Ermacora P., Loi N. 2002. Role of wild Prunus species in the epidemiology of European stone fruit yellows. Plant Pathol. 51: 513–517.
 
5.
Carraro L., Ferrini F., Ermacora P., Loi N. 2004. Transmission of European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma to Prunus species by using vector and graft transmission. Acta Hortic.657: 449–453.
 
6.
Carraro L., Loi N., Emancora P. 2001. Transmission characteristics of the European stone fruit yellow phytoplasma and its vector Cacopsylla pruni. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 107 (7): 695–700.
 
7.
Carraro L., Loi N., Emancora P., Osler R. 1998a. High tolerance of European plum varieties to plum leptonecrosis. Eur. J. Plant Pathol.104 (2): 141–145.
 
8.
Carraro L., Osler R. 2003. European stone fruit yellows: a destructive disease in the Mediterranean basin. Options Méditerranéennes,Série B, 45: 113–117.
 
9.
Carraro L., Osler R., Loi N., Emancora P., Refatti E. 1998b. Transmission of European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma by Cacopsylla pruni. J. Plant Pathol.80 (3): 233–239.
 
10.
Carraro L., Osler R., Refatti E., Favali M.A. 1992. Natural diffusion and experimental transmission of plum leptonecrosis. Acta Hortic.309: 285–290.
 
11.
Cieślińska M., Morgaś H. 2010. Occurrence and detection of some less-known viruses and phytoplasmas in stone fruit orchards in Poland. Folia Hortic. 22 (2): 51–57.
 
12.
Cieślińska M., Morgaś H. 2010. Detection and identification of ‘CandidatusPhytoplasma prunorum’, ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ in stone fruit trees in Poland. J. Phytopathol. 159 (4): 217–222.
 
13.
Danet J.L., Balakishiyeva G., Cimerman A., Sauvion N., Marie-Jeanne V., Labonne G., Laviña A., Batlle A., Križanac I., Škorič D., Ermacora P., Ulubaş Serçe C., Çağlayan K., Jarausch W. Foissac X. 2010. Multilocus sequence analysis reveals the genetic diversity of European fruit tree phytoplasmas and supports the existence of inter-species recombination. Microbiology 157 (2): 438–450.
 
14.
Danet J.L., Bonet P., Jarausch W., Carraro L., Skoric D., Labonne G., Foissac X. 2007. Impand secY, two new markers for MLST (multilocus sequence typing) in the 16SrX phytoplasma taxonomic group. Bull. Insect. 60: 339–340.
 
15.
Davies D.L., Adams A.N. 2000. European stone fruit yellows phytoplasmas associated with a decline disease of apricot in southern England. Plant Pathol. 49: 635–639.
 
16.
Delić D., Martini M., Ermacora P., Carraro L., Myrta A. 2008. Identification of fruit tree phytoplasmas and their vectors in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Acta Hortic. 781: 429–434.
 
17.
Delić D., Mehle N., Lolić B., Ravnikar M., Durıć G. 2010. European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma in Japanese plum and Myrobalan plum in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Julius-KühnArchiv 427: 415–417.
 
18.
Deng S., Hiruki C. 1991. Genetic relatedness between two nonculturable mycoplasmalike organisms revealed by nucleic acid hybridization and polymerase chain reaction. Phytopathology 81 (12): 1475–1479.
 
19.
Desvignes J.C., Cornaggia D. 1982. Observation of apricot chlorotic leaf roll (ACLR): sensitiveness of different Prunus species, detection, spread in plum orchards. Acta Hortic. 130: 249–256.
 
20.
Desvignes J.C., Boyé R., Cornaggia D., Grasseau N., Hurtt S., Waterworth H. 1999. Virus diseases of fruit trees. (Diseases due to viroids, viruses, phytoplasmas and other undetermined infectious agents). p. 113–143. In: “Virus Diseases of Fruit Trees” (J.C. Desvignes, ed.). CTIFL, Paris, 202 pp.
 
21.
Dosba F., Lansac M., Mazy K., Garnier M., Eyquard J.P. 1990. Incidence of different diseases associated with mycoplasma like organisms in different species of Prunus. Acta Hortic. 283: 311–320.
 
22.
Duduk B., Botti S., Ivanović M., Krstić B., Dukić N., Bertaccini A. 2004. Identification of phytoplasmas associated with grapevine yellows in Serbia. J. Phytopathol. 152 (10): 575–579.
 
23.
Ermacora P., Loi N., Ferrini F., Loschi A., Martini M., Osler R., Carraro L. 2010. Hypo- and hyper-virulence in apricot trees infected by ESFY. Julius-Kühn-Archiv 427: 197–200.
 
24.
Ferretti L., Gentili A., Poggi Pollini C., Ermacora P., Pasquini G. 2010. Molecular characterization of ‘CandidatusPhytoplasma prunorum’ in Cacopsylla pruni insect vector. Julius-Kühn-Archiv 427: 399–402.
 
25.
Fialová R., Navrátil M., Válová P., Lauterer P., Kocourek F., Poncarová-Voráčková Z. 2004. Epidemiology of European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma in the Czech Republic. Acta Hortic. 657: 483–487.
 
26.
Firrao G., Gibb K., Streten C. 2005. Short taxonomic guide to the genus ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’. J. Plant Pathol. 87 (4): 249–263.
 
27.
Galetto L., Bosco D., Marzachi C. 2005. Universal and group-specific real-time PCR diagnosis of flavéscence dorée (16SrV), bois noir (16SrXII), apple proliferation (16SrX) phytoplasmas from field collected plants hosts and insect vectors. Ann. Appl. Biol. 147 (2): 191–201.
 
28.
Genini M., Ramel M.E. 2004 Distribution of European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma in apricot trees in Western Switzerland. Acta Hortic. 657: 455–458.
 
29.
Giunchedi L., Poggi Pollini C., Credi R. 1982. Susceptibility of stone fruit trees to the Japanese plum tree decline causal agent. Acta Hortic. 130: 285–290.
 
30.
Giunchedi L., Marani F., Credi R. 1978. Mycoplasma-like bodies associated with plum decline (leptonecrosis). Phytopathol. Mediterr. 17: 205–209.
 
31.
Gundersen D.E., Lee I.M. 1996. Ultrasensitive detection of phytoplasmas by nested-PCR assays using two universal primers. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 35: 144–151.
 
32.
International Committee on Systematic Bacteriology Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes. 1993. Minutes of the interim meetings. 1–2 August, 1992, Ames, Iowa. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 43 (2): 394–397.
 
33.
Ionica M. 1985. Investigation on the role of mycoplasmas in peach decline in Romania. An. Inst. Cerce. Pen. Protect. Plant 18: 11–17.
 
34.
IRPCM Phytoplasma/Spiroplasma Working Team – Phytoplasma taxonomy group. 2004. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma’, a taxon for the wall-less, non-helical prokaryotes that colonize plant phloem and insects. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54 (4): 1243–1255.
 
35.
Jarausch B., Fuchs A., Mühlenz I., Lampe I., Harzer U., Jarausch W. 2007. Research on European stone fruit yellows in Germany. Bull. Insectol. 60 (2): 389–390.
 
36.
Jarausch W., Eyguard J.P., Mazy K., Lansac M., Dosba F. 1999. High level of resistance of sweet cherry (Prunus avium towards European stone fruit yellows phytoplasmas. Adv. Hortic. Sci. 13: 108–112.
 
37.
Jarausch W., Eyguard J.P., Mazy K., Lansac M., Mohns M., Dosba F. 2000. Susceptibility and tolerance of new Prunus domestica cultivars to European stone fruit yellows and other phytoplasma. J. Phytopathol. 148 (7–8): 489–493.
 
38.
Jarausch W., Fuchs A., Jarausch B. 2010. Establishment of a quantitative real-time PCR assay for the specific quantification of ‘Ca. Phytoplasma. prunorum’ in plants and insects. Julius-Kühn-Archiv 427: 392–394.
 
39.
Jarausch W., Jarausch-Wertheim B., Danet J.L., Broquaire J.M.,DosbaF., Saillard C., Garnier M. 2001. Detection and identification of European stone fruit yellows and other phytoplasmas in wild plants in the surroundings of apricot chlorotic leaf roll-affected orchards in southern France. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 107 (2): 209–217.
 
40.
Jarausch W., Lansac M., Saillard C., Broquaire J.M., Dosba F. 1998. PCR assay for specific detection of European stone fruit yellows phytoplasmas and its use for epidemiological studies in France. Eur. J. Plant Pathol.104 (1): 17–27.
 
41.
Jarausch W., Pecerella T., Schwind N., Jarausch B., Krczal G. 2004. Establishment of the quantitative real-time PCR for the quantification of apple proliferation phytoplasmas in plants and insects. Acta Hortic. 657: 415–420.
 
42.
Kamińska M. 2008. Grupa fitoplazm proliferacji jabłoni. 3. Fitoplazma europejskiej żółtaczki drzew pestkowych ‘CandidatusPhytoplasma prunorum’. Post. Nauk Rol. 3: 105–113.Kison H., Kirkpatrrick B.C., Seemüller E. 1997. Genetic comparison of peach yellow leaf roll agent with European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma of the apple proliferation group. Plant Pathol. 46 (4): 538–544.
 
43.
Kison H., Seemüller E. 2001. Differences in strain virulence of the European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma and susceptibility of stone fruit trees on various rootstocks to this pathogen. J. Phytopathol. 149 (10): 533–541.
 
44.
Laimer M. 2003. Detection and elimination of viruses and phytoplasmas from pome and stone fruit trees. Hortic. Rev. 28: 187–236.
 
45.
Laimer da Cámara Machado M., Heindrich M., Hanzer V., Arthofer W., Strommer W., Paltrinieri S., Martini M., Bertaccini A., Kummert J., Davies D.I. 2001. Improved detection of viruses and phytoplasmas in fruit tree tissue culture. Acta Hortic. 550: 463–469.
 
46.
Landi F., Prandini A., Paltrinieri S., Missere D., Bertaccini A. 2010. Assessment of susceptibility to European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma of new plum variety and of five root stock/plum variety combinations. Julius-Kühn-Archiv 427: 378–382.
 
47.
Laviña A., Sabaté J., García-Chapa M., Batlle A., Torres E. 2004. Occurrence and epidemiology of European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma in Spain. Acta Hortic. 657: 489–494.
 
48.
Lederer M., Seemüller E. 1992. Demonstration of mycoplasmas in Prunusspecies in Germany. J. Phytopathol. 134 (2): 89–96.
 
49.
Lee I.M., Bertaccini A., Vibio M., Gundersen D.E. 1995. Detection of multiply phytoplasmas in perennial fruit trees with decline symptoms in Italy. Phytopathology 85: 728–735.
 
50.
Lee I.M., Davis R.E., Gundersen-Rindal D.E. 2000. Phytoplasma: phytopathogenic mollicutes. Ann. Rev. Microbiol. 54: 221–255.
 
51.
Lee I.M., Gundersen-Rindal D.E., Davis R.E., Bartoszyk I.M. 1998. Revised classification scheme of phytoplasmas based on RFLP analyses of 16S rRNA and ribosomal protein gene sequences. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48 (4): 1153–1169.
 
52.
Lee I.M., Gundersen D.E., Davis R.E., Chiykowski L.N. 1992. Identification and analysis of a genomic strain cluster of mycoplasmalike organisms associated with Canadian peach (western) X-disease, western X-disease, and clover yellow edge. J. Bacteriol. 174: 6694–6698.
 
53.
Lee I.M., Hammond R.W., Davis R.E., Gundersen D.E. 1993. Universal amplification and analysis of pathogen 16S rDNA for classification and identification of mycoplasmalike or ganisms. Phytopathology 8: 834–842.
 
54.
Lorenz K.H., Schneider B., Ahrens U., Seemüller E. 1995. Detection of apple proliferation and pear decline phytoplasmas by PCR amplification of ribosomal and non ribosomal DNA. Phytopathology 85 (7): 771–776.
 
55.
Lorenz K.H., Dosba F., Poggi Pollini C., Llacer G., Seemüller E. 1994. Phytoplasma diseases of Prunus species in Europe are caused by genetically similar organisms. Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz101 (6): 567–575.
 
56.
Marcone C., Jarausch B., Jarausch W. 2010. Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum, the causal agent of European stone fruit yellows: an overview.J. Plant Pathol. 92(1): 19–34.
 
57.
Marcone C., Ragozzino A., Seemüller E. 1996. European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma as the cause of peach vein enlargement and other yellows and decline diseases of stone fruits in Southern Italy. J. Phytopathol. 144 (11–12): 559–564.
 
58.
Marcone C., Schneider B., Seemüller E. 2010. Comparison of European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma strains differing in virulence by multi-gene sequence analyses. Julius-Kühn-Archiv 427: 193–196.
 
59.
Martini M., Ferrini F., Danet J.L., Ermacora P., Sertkaya G., Delić D., Loi N., Foisacc X., Carraro L. 2010. PCR/RFLP based method for molecular characterization of ‘CandidatusPhytoplasma prunorum’ strains using ace F gene. Julius-Kühn-Archiv 427: 386–391.
 
60.
Martini M., Loi N., Ermacora P., Carraro L., Pastore M. 2007. A real-time PCR method for detection and quantification of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’ in its natural hosts. Bull. Insectol. 60 (2): 251–252.
 
61.
Mornado M., Grando M.S., Vindimian M.E. 1998. Molecular detection of phytoplasmas in European plums showing leptonecrosis symptoms. J. Plant Pathol. 80 (3), p. 260.
 
62.
Morvan G. 1977. Apricot chlorotic leaf roll. EPPO Bull. 7: 37–55.Navràtil M., Pribylova J., Válová P., Fialová R., Šafánová D., Špak J., Kubelková D., Petrzik K., Karešová R., Špaková V. 2007. Detection and identification of phytoplasmas in Ribes rubrum. Bull. Insectol. 60 (2): 123–124.
 
63.
Navràtil M., Válová P., Fialová R., Petrová K., Fránová J., Nebesářová J., Poncarová-Voráčková Z., Karešová R. 2001. Survey for stone fruit phytoplasmas in Czech Republic. Acta Hortic. 550: 377–382.
 
64.
Németh M., Ember I., Krizbai L., Kőlber M., Hangyál R. 2001. Detection and identification of phytoplasmas in peach based on woody indexing and molecular methods. Int. J. Hortic. Sci. 7 (1): 35–41.
 
65.
Nikolić P., Mehle N., Gruden K., Ravnikar M., Dermastia M. 2010. A panel of real-time PCR assays for specific detection of three phytoplasmas from the apple proliferation group. Mol. Cell Prob. 24 (5): 303–309.
 
66.
Paltrinieri S., Bertaccini A., Lugaresi C. 2008. Phytoplasmas in declining cherry plants. Acta Hortic. 781: 409–416.
 
67.
Paltrinieri S., Bertaccini A., Lugli A., Monari W. 2004. Three years of molecular monitoring of phytoplasma spreading in a plum growing area in Italy. Acta Hortic. 657: 501–506.
 
68.
Paltrinieri S., Martini M., Stefani E., Pondrelli M., Fideghelli C., Bertaccini A. 2001. Phytoplasma infection in peach and cherry in Italy. Acta Hortic. 550: 365–370.
 
69.
Pastore M., Izzo P.P., Genovese M.R., Santonastaso M., Bertaccini A., Vibio M., Murari M. 1999. Identification by molecular techniques of phytoplasmas associated with apricot chlorotic leaf roll in Italy. Acta Hortic. 488: 779–782.
 
70.
Pignatta D., Poggi Pollini C., Giunchedi L., Ratti C., Reggiani N., Forno F., Mattedi L., Gobber M., Miorelli P., Ropelato E. 2008. A real time PCR assay for the detection of European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma (ESFYP) in plant propagation material. Acta Hortic. 781: 499–504.
 
71.
Poggi Pollini C., Bianchi L., Forno F., Franchini S., Giunchedi S., Gobber M., Mattedi L., Miorelli P., Pignatta D., Profaizer D., Ratti C., Reggiani N. 2007. Investigation on European stone fruit yellows in experimental apricot orchards in province of Trentino (Italy). Bull. Insectol. 60 (2): 323–324.
 
72.
Poggi Pollini C., Bissani R., Ginchedi L. 2001. Occurrence of European stone fruit phytoplasma (ESFYP) infection in peach orchards in Northern-Central Italy. J. Phytopathol. 149 (11–12): 725–730.
 
73.
Poggi Pollini C., Bissani R., Giunchedi L., Vindimian E. 1995. Occurrence of phytoplasma infection in European plums (Prunus domestica). J. Phytopathol. 143 (11–12): 701–703.
 
74.
Poggi Pollini C., Giunchedi L., Gambin E. 1993. Presence of mycoplasma-like organisms in peach trees in Northern Central Italy. Phytopathol. Mediterr. 32: 188–192.
 
75.
Purcell A.H., Nyland G., Raju B.C., Heringer M.R. 1981. Peach yellow leaf roll epidemic in northern California: effects of peach cultivar, tree age, and proximity to peach orchards. Plant Dis. 65 (4): 365–368.
 
76.
Ramel M.E., Gugerli P., Bourquin L., Meyer J., Schaub L. 2001. Characterization of apricot chlorotic leaf roll and detection of ESFY phytoplasma in western Switzerland. Rev. Suisse Viticult. Arboric. Hortic. 33 (5): 279–286.
 
77.
Rumbos I., Bosalidis A.M. 1985. Mycoplasma-like organisms associated with decline of plum tree in Greece. Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz 92 (1): 47–54.
 
78.
Sanchez-Capuchino J.A., Casanova R., Llacer G. 1982. An approach to control apricot chlorotic leaf roll and epidemiological observations. Acta Hortic. 121: 435–437.
 
79.
Schneider B., Ahrens U., Kirkpatrick B.C., Seemüller E. 1993. Classification of plant-pathogenic mycoplasmalike organisms using restriction-site analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA. J. Gen. Microbiol. 139: 519–527.
 
80.
Schneider B., Seemüller E., Smart C.D., Kirkpatrick B.C. 1995. Phylogenetic classification of plant pathogenic mycoplas-ma-like organisms or phytoplasmas. p. 369–380. In: “Molecular and Diagnostic Procedures in Mycoplasmology” (S. Razin, J.G. Tully, eds.). Vol. 1, Academic Press, San Diego, CA, USA, 483 pp.
 
81.
Seemüller E., Marcone C., Laurer U., Ragozzino A., Gőschl M. 1998a. Current status of molecular classification of the phytoplasmas. J. Plant Pathol. 80 (1): 3–26.
 
82.
Seemüller E., Schneider B. 2004. Taxonomic description of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ sp. nov., ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma pyri’ sp. nov., ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’ sp. nov., the causal agents of apple proliferation, pear decline and European stone fruit yellows, respectively. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 54 (4): 1217–1226.
 
83.
Seemüller E., Stoltz H., Kison H. 1998b. Persistence of the European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma in aerial parts of Prunus taxa during the dormant season. J. Phytopathol. 146 (8–9): 407–410.
 
84.
Smart C.D., Schneider B., Blomquist C.L., Guerra L.J., Harrison N.A., Ahrens U., Lorenz K.H., Seemüller E., Kirkpatrick B.C. 1996. Phytoplasma-specific PCR primers based on sequences of the 16S-23S rRNA spacer region. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62 (8): 2988–2993.
 
85.
Sullivan M. 2010. Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum. CAPS Target: AHP Prioritized Pest List-2010: 1–16.
 
86.
Süle S. 1999. Strategies for the control of apricot decline. Klosterneuburger Mitteilungen 49: 250–252.
 
87.
Thakur P.D., Handa A., Chowfla S.C., Krczal G. 1998. Outbreak of a phytoplasma disease of peach in the Northwestern Himalayas of India. Acta Hortic. 472: 737–742.
 
88.
Topchiiska M., Marcone C., Seemüller E. 2000. Detection of pear decline and European stone fruit yellows in Bulgaria. Z. Pflanzenkr. Pflanzenschutz 107 (6): 658–663.
 
89.
Torres E., Laviña A., Sabaté J., Beck J., Batlle A. 2010. Evaluation of susceptibility of pear and plum trees varieties and root stocks to ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’ by means of real-time PCR. Julius-Kühn-Archiv 427: 395–398.
 
90.
Torres E., Martin M.P., Paltrinieri S., Vila A., Masalles R., Bertaccini A. 2004. Spreading of ESFY phytoplasmas in stone fruit in Catalonia (Spain). J. Phytopathol. 152 (7): 432–437.
 
91.
Torres E., Bertolini E., Cambra M., Montón C., Martin M.P. 2005. Real-time PCR for simultaneous and quantitative detection of quarantine phytoplasmas from apple proliferation (16SrX) group. Mol. Cell Prob. 19 (5): 334–340.
 
92.
Varga K., Kolber M., Martini M.2000. Phytoplasma identification in Hungarian grapevines by two nested-PCR systems. p. 113–115. In: “Extended Abstracts of XIII Meeting of the International Council for the Study of Viruses and Virus-like Diseases of the Grapevine (ICVG)”. Adelaide, Australia. 12–17 March 2000.
 
93.
Verdin E., Salar P., Danet J.L., Choueiri E., Jreiijri F., El Zamar S., Gélie B., Bové J.M., Garnier M. 2003. ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma phoenicium’ sp. nov., a novel phytoplasma associated with an emerging lethal disease of almond trees in Lebanon and Iran. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 53 (3): 833–838.
 
94.
Wei W., Davis R.E., Lee I.M., Zhao Y. 2007. Computer simulated RFLP analysis of 16S rRNA genes: identification of ten new phytoplasma groups. Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol.57 (8): 1855–1867.
 
95.
Yvon M., Labonne G., Thébaud G. 2004. Survival of European stone fruit yellows phytoplasma outside fruit crop production areas: a case study in southeastern France. Acta Hortic. 657: 477–481.
 
96.
Yvon M., Thébaud G., Alary R., Labonne G. 2009. Specific detection and quantification of the phytopathogenic agent ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’. Mol. Cell Prob. 23 (5): 227–234.
 
97.
Zhao Y., Wei W., Davis R.E., Lee I.M. 2010. Recent advances in 16S rRNA gene-based phytoplasma differentiation, classification and taxonomy. p. 64–92. In: “Phytoplasmas: Genomes, Plant Hosts and Vectors” (P.G. Weintraub, P. Jones, eds.). CAB International, 336 pp.
 
eISSN:1899-007X
ISSN:1427-4345
Journals System - logo
Scroll to top