ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Mixture toxicity of tebuconazole and fluopyram to honeybee (Apis mellifera L.): Effects on survival, feeding and antioxidant defenses
1
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
2
Bee Research Department, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Egypt
3
Department of Apiculture Research, Plant Protection Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
A - Research concept and design; B - Collection and/or assembly of data; C - Data analysis and interpretation; D - Writing the article; E - Critical revision of the article; F - Final approval of article
Submission date: 2024-05-08
Acceptance date: 2024-10-29
Online publication date: 2025-07-01
Corresponding author
Ibrahim A. Mohamed
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
Plant Protection Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
Journal of Plant Protection Research 2025;65(2):211-222
HIGHLIGHTS
- A mixed tebuconazole + fluopyram possessed low acute toxicity to honeybees
- Tebuconazole + fluopyram reduced the survival rate of honey bees
- Tebuconazole + fluopyram affected honeybee food consumption and body weight
- Tebuconazole + fluopyram induced modulation in antioxidant enzymes of honeybees
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Tebuconazole + fluopyram is a new binary mixture fungicide product that is widely used
to control many plant fungal pathogens and nematodes in several agricultural crops worldwide,
including Egypt. However, there is a lack of information about their toxicological
effects on honeybees (Apis mellifera L.). In the current study, the lethal and sub-lethal toxic
effects of mixture tebuconazole + fluopyram were examined on A. mellifera workers. Tebuconazole
+ fluopyram exhibited low acute toxicity to A. mellifera foragers (the 96-h LC50
value was 1.389 mg a.i. · ml–1). Sub-lethal effects of tebuconazole + fluopyram on survival,
body weight, food consumption and antioxidant defenses of A. mellifera were determined
by chronic oral exposure of A. mellifera workers to sugar syrup which contained two sublethal
concentrations of the fungicide, 0.139 mg · ml–1 (1/10 of 96 h LC50) and 0.278 mg · ml–1
(1/5 of 96 h LC50), along with clear sugar syrup as a control for 18 days. Honeybees exposed
to both sublethal concentrations of tebuconazole + fluopyram showed a significant decrease
in the bees’ survivability and dry body weight. Sugar syrup and pollen consumption by the
exposed A. mellifera were relatively less than by the controls. Tebuconazole + fluopyram
also induced disruptions in the enzymatic antioxidant and detoxification defense systems
in bees, indicating the presence of oxidative stress. Fungicide exposure elicited a significant
depletion in catalase and superoxide dismutase activities and a significant elevation in glutathione
and malondialdehyde levels in bees, indicating lipid peroxidation. This is the first
study indicating the harmful impacts of tebuconazole + fluopyram on honeybee health.
RESPONSIBLE EDITOR
Janina Gospodarek
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have declared that no conflict of interests exist.
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| eISSN: | 1899-007X |
| ISSN: | 1427-4345 |
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