ORIGINAL ARTICLE
The effects of deltamethrin (a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide), an anionic surfactant alone, and a co-formulated mixture of these substances on the honeybee (Apis mellifera) temperature preference, CO2 emission, and expression of detoxification-related genes
1
Institute of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszów, Poland
2
Interdisciplinary Center for Preclinical and Clinical Research, University of Rzeszow, Poland
3
Institute of Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszów, Poland
4
Interdisciplinary Centre for Computational Modelling, College of Natural Sciences, University of Rzeszow, Rzeszów, Poland
5
Department of Regulatory and Forensic Toxicology, Institute of Medical Expertises, Łódź, Poland
6
Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Science, Olsztyn, Poland
7
Department of Animal Physiology and Neurobiology, Faculty of Biological and Veterinary Sciences, N. Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland
A - Research concept and design; B - Collection and/or assembly of data; C - Data analysis and interpretation; D - Writing the article; E - Critical revision of the article; F - Final approval of article
Submission date: 2024-05-06
Acceptance date: 2024-10-09
Online publication date: 2025-06-03
Corresponding author
Aleksandra Kuliga
Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Science, Olsztyn, Poland
Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Science, Olsztyn, Poland
HIGHLIGHTS
- Deltam and Superam alter bee's temperature preferences.
- CO2 emissions by bees change with pesticide exposure.
- Both substances significantly increase detox genes CYP9Q1, CYP9Q2, CYP9Q3 in bees.
- Thermal environment choice by bees is influenced by PPP formulations and adjuvants.
- Research underscores need for evaluating PPPs' impact on bee health and ecosystem.
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Honeybees in crops are exposed to active ingredients of pesticides (plant protection
proucts – PPPs) and adjuvants used in agriculture. The aim of this research was to estimate
the effect of a sublethal dose of a pyrethroid insecticide (deltamethrin; Deltam), a plant protection
product – adjuvant (alkylbenzene sulphonic acid sodium salt; Superam 10 AL), and
a co-formulated mixture of those substances on the honeybee temperature preference, CO2
emission, and expression of detoxification-related genes (CYP9Q1, CYP9Q2, CYP9Q3).
When the measurement results were analyzed using outcome-matched statistical tests such
as the Wilcoxon test, the conclusion was reached that Deltam, Superam 10 AL and the
mixture of the two preparations significantly statistically differentiated the bees’ thermal
environment preference (a decrease in the preferred temperature by 0, 4, 0.9 and 0.5°C,
respectively), altered CO2 levels (an increase by 4.2% and a decrease by 10% and 13.5%,
respectively) and statistically significantly increased the levels of CYP9Q1, CYP9Q2 and
CYP9Q3 transcripts in the insects’ head, but not in their thorax. The results indicate that
the condition of honeybees can be affected by the finished formulation of the plant protection
product, its adjuvant, and the mixture of both acting together, with a direction of
change varying according to the studied parameters.
RESPONSIBLE EDITOR
Paweł Węgorek
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have declared that no conflict of interests exist.
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