ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Antagonistic profiling of Trichoderma asperellum produced volatile and non-volatile secondary metabolites towards pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri
1
Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, 444104, Akola, India
These authors had equal contribution to this work
A - Research concept and design; B - Collection and/or assembly of data; C - Data analysis and interpretation; D - Writing the article; E - Critical revision of the article; F - Final approval of article
Submission date: 2025-07-05
Acceptance date: 2025-09-16
Online publication date: 2025-10-29
Corresponding author
Bhushan Popat Birari
Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, India
Department of Plant Pathology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola, India
HIGHLIGHTS
- Trichoderma asperellum showed antifungal activity against F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceri
- High Inhibition by ethyl acetate extract of TaSrYa
- Antifungal compounds like 9-octadecenoic acid and dehydroacetic acid found in TaSrYa
- TaSrGa produced 67 volatile secondary metabolites
- The tested strains offer promising natural alternatives to synthetic fungicides
KEYWORDS
antifungalFusarium oxysporum f. sp. cicerinon-volatile secondary metabolitesTrichoderma asperellumvolatile secondary metabolites
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Fungi of the genus Trichoderma are widely marketed as biocontrol agents against plant
pathogens. However, some Trichoderma species may produce toxic secondary metabolites,
underscoring the need for comprehensive safety assessments to ensure their ecological
safety. In this study, the antifungal activities of volatile secondary metabolites (VSMs)
and non-volatile secondary metabolites (nVSMs) produced by six Trichoderma asperellum
strains (TaSrBh, TaSrYa, TaSrBu, TaSrUm, TaSrGa, and TaSrCh) were evaluated against the
chickpea wilt pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri. Bioassays of VSMs and nVSMs revealed
that TaSrGa and TaSrYa exhibited the strongest antifungal activity. The ethyl acetate
extract of the TaSrYa strain showed excellent growth inhibition (60–100%) of F. oxysporum
f. sp. ciceri, prompting further investigation into its metabolic profile. To identify potential
fungicidal compounds, spectrometric analyses were performed on the ethyl acetate extract
of TaSrYa. The predominant compounds identified included 9-octadecenoic acid (26.32%),
dehydroacetic acid (25.71%), 9-undecenal 2,10-dimethyl (11.31%), 7,10-octadecadienoic
acid (8.62%), 9,12,15-octadecatrienoic acid 2,3-dihydroxypropyl ester (Z,Z,Z) (6.18%), and
cis-Z-α-bisabolene epoxide (4.96%), which are likely responsible for inhibiting pathogen
growth. Additionally, two-dimensional gas chromatography and spectroscopic analyses
of volatiles from TaSrGa identified 67 VSMs, categorized as alcohols, alkanes, esters, acids,
and terpenes. The examined T. asperellum strains demonstrated strong antagonistic effects
against the pathogen responsible for chickpea wilt, suggesting that these biocontrol agents
could be used in the formulation of natural fungicides, offering an eco-friendly alternative
to synthetic fungicides.
RESPONSIBLE EDITOR
Anna Baduro-Cieśniewska
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have declared that no conflict of interests exist.
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