ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Genetic variability and host specialization in Alternaria alternata
colonizing Solanaceous crops in Sudan
1
Department of Crop Protection, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
2
Department of Horticulture, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
3
Department of Botany, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
4
Molecular Phytopathology and Mycotoxin Research, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
A - Research concept and design; B - Collection and/or assembly of data; C - Data analysis and interpretation; D - Writing the article; E - Critical revision of the article; F - Final approval of article
Submission date: 2018-02-11
Acceptance date: 2018-08-01
Online publication date: 2018-10-04
Corresponding author
Azza Siddig Abbo
Department of Crop Protection, University of Khartoum, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, 1111 Khartoum north, Sudan
Department of Crop Protection, University of Khartoum, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Khartoum, 1111 Khartoum north, Sudan
Journal of Plant Protection Research 2018;58(3):246-256
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Early blight disease caused by Alternaria sp. is one of the most devastating diseases of Solanaceous crops widely distributed in Sudan. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic variation among different Alternaria isolates recovered from different Solanaceae crops showing typical symptoms of early blight disease. Infected leaves of tomato, potato, eggplant and pepper were collected from different geographical zones in Sudan. The recovered fungal isolates were identified to the genus level based on cultural and morphological characteristics. Five representative isolates were sent to the CABI Bioscience, U.K. for confirmation.
The genetic relationship among the isolates was determined using the amplified fragments length polymorphism (AFLP) technique and the generated data were used to create similarity matrices using the PAST 3.01 software package. Dendrograms were constructed based on Jaccard’s similarity coefficients. A total of 70 fungal isolates was recovered from the tested plants and all of them showed morphological characteristics typical of Alternaria spp. The conidia appeared in multiple-branched chains with spore sizes in the range of 2.38−13.09 μm × 12.30−43.63 μm. Therefore, the isolates were identified as Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissl. The identification was then confirmed by CABI.AFLPbased dendrogram which revealed five clusters with a significant cophenetic correlation
coefficient (r = 0.834) between the dendrogram and the original similarity matrix irrespective of their geographical origins. Eighteen (75%) of the Alternaria isolated from tomato leaves were clustered together in cluster I and five isolates formed two separate clusters,
viz. cluster IV (T-Kh5 and T-H1) and cluster V (T-H4 and T-Med2). The remaining isolate, T-Am5, grouped with one of the potato isolates in cluster III. The other isolates which were recovered from potato, pepper and eggplants were all separated from the tomato isolates in the largest cluster.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have declared that no conflict of interests exist.
REFERENCES (33)
1.
Adhikari P., Yeonyee O., Panthee D.R. 2017. Current status of early blight resistance in tomato: an update. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 18 (10): 1−22. DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102019.
3.
Andersen B., Dongo A., Pryor B.M. 2008. Secondary metabolite profiling of Alternaria dauci, A. porri, A. solani, and A. tomatophila. Mycological Research 112 (2): 241–250. DOI: 10.1016/j.mycres.2007.09.004.
4.
Bock C.H., Gottwald T.R., Parker P.E., Cook A.Z., Ferrandino F., Parnell S., van den Bosch F. 2009. The Horsfall-Barratt scale and severity estimates of citrus canker. European Journal of Plant Pathology 125: 23−38. DOI: 10.1007/s10658-009-9455-X.
5.
Chaerani R., Voorrips R.E. 2006. Tomato early blight (Alternaria solani): the pathogen, genetics, and breeding for resistance.Journal of General Plant Pathology 72 (6): 335−347. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10327....
6.
Ellis M.B., Ellis J.P. 1985. Microfungi of Land Plants: An Identification Handbook. MacMillan Publishing Company, New York, 818 pp.
7.
El-Mougy N. 2009. Effect of some essential oils for limiting early blight (Alternaria solani) development in potato field. Journal of Plant Protection Research 49 (1): 57−62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.2478/v10045....
8.
Foolad M.R., Ntahimpera N., Christ B.J., Lin G.Y. 2000. Comparison of field, greenhouse, and detached-leaflet evaluations of tomato germplasm for early blight resistance. Journal of Plant Disease 84 (9): 967−972. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2....
9.
Giha O.H. 1987. Plant Pathology an Introductory Course. Published by Mohinder Sejwal for Wiley Estern Ltd. Wiley Eastern Ltd., New Delhi, 132 pp.
10.
Goh T.K. 1999. Single-spore isolation using a hand-made glass needle. Journal of Fungal Diversity 2: 47−63.
11.
Hansen M.A. 2009. Early blight of tomato. Virginia State University. VCE Publication 456-018. Available on: http://pubs.ext.vt.edu/450/450.... [Accessed: August 6, 2016].
12.
Kumar V., Haldar S., Pandey K.K., Singh R.P., Singh A.K., Singh P.C. 2008. Cultural, morphological, pathogenic and molecular variability amongst tomato isolates of Alternaria solani in India. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology 24 (7): 1003−1009. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274....
13.
Kusaba M., Tsuge T. 1994. Nuclear ribosomal DNA variation and pathogenic specialization in Alternaria fungi known to produce host-specific toxins. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 60 (9): 3055−3062.
14.
Morris P.F., Connolly M.S., St Clair D.A. 2000. Genetic diversity of Alternaria alternata isolated from tomato in California assessed using RAPDs. Mycological Research 104 (3): 286–292. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S09537....
15.
Nash A.F., Gardner R.G. 1988. Tomato early blight resistance in a breeding line derived from Lycopersicon hirsutum PI 126445. Journal of Plant Disease 72: 206−209. DOI: 10.1094/PD-72-0206.
16.
Peever T.L., Canihos Y., Olsen L., Ibañez A., Liu Y.C. 1999. Timmer LW. Population genetic structure and host specificity of Alternaria spp. causing brown spot of minneola tangelo and rough lemon in Florida. Journal of Phytopathology 89 (10): 851–860. DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO.1999.89.10.851.
17.
Perez-Martinez S., Snowdon R., Pons-Kuhnemann J. 2004. Variability of Cuban and international populations of Alternaria solani from different hosts and localities: AFLP genetic analysis. European Journal of Plant Pathology 110 (4): 399–409. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EJPP....
18.
Reineke A., Karlovsky P. 2000. Simplified AFLP protocol: replacement of primer labeling by the incorporation of alphalabeled nucleotides during PCR. BioTechniques 28 (4): 622−623.
19.
Reiners S., Petzoldt C.H., Hoffmann M.P. 2014. Tomatoes. In: “Cornell Pest Management Guidelines for Vegetables 2004”. Cornell Cooperative Extension Publication. Available on: http://www.nysaes.cornell.edu/... [Accessed: July 16, 2015].
20.
Robert L.W. 1999. Minor diseases of pepper. p. 101–103. In: Proceedings of the conference “New England Vegetable and Berry Growers and Trade Show”, Sturbridge hotel, Sturbridge, Massachusette, USA. December 14–16, 1999. [Accessed: July 17, 2015].
21.
Roberts R.G., Reymond S.T., Andersen B. 2000. RAPD fragment pattern analysis and morphological segregation of smallspored Alternaria species and species groups. Mycological Research 104 (2): 151–160. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S09537....
22.
Rohlf F.J. 2000. Numerical taxonomy and multivariate analysis system, Version 2.1. State University of New York, New York.
23.
Romesburg H.C. 2004. Cluster Analysis for Researchers. Lulu Press, Morrisville NC, 334 pp.
24.
Rotem J. 1981. Fungal diseases of potato and tomato in the Negev Desert. Journal of Plant Disease 65: 315−318. DOI: 10.1094/PD-65-315.
25.
Rotem J. 1994. The Genus Alternaria; Biology, Epidemiology and Pathogenicity. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, Minnesota, 326 pp.
26.
Simmons E.G. 2000. Alternaria themes and variations (244–286) species on Solanaceae. Mycotaxon 75: 1–115.
27.
Simmons E.G. 2007. Alternaria: An Identification Manual. CBS Biodiversity Series 6. CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 775 pp.
28.
Tarr S.A. 1955. The Fungi and Plant Diseases of Sudan. CMI, Kew, Surry, England, 128 pp.
29.
Thomma B.J. 2003. Alternaria spp.: from general saprophyte to specific parasite. Journal of Molecular Plant Pathology 4 (4): 225−236. DOI: 10.1046/j.1364-3703.2003.00173.x.
30.
Tran-Dinh N., Hocking A. 2004. Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite markers for Alternaria alternata. Molecular Ecology Notes 6 (2): 405−407. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471....
31.
van der Waals J.E., Korsten L., Slippers B. 2004. Genetic diversity among Alternaria solani isolates from potatoes in South Africa. Plant Disease 88 (9): 959–964. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS.2....
32.
Weber B., Halterman D.A. 2012. Analysis of genetic and pathogenic variation of Alternaria solani from a potato production region. European Journal of Plant Pathology 134 (4): 847–858. DOI: 10.1007/s10658-012-0060-z.
33.
Weir T.L., Huff D.R., Christ B.J., Romaine C.P. 1998. RAPDPCR analysis of genetic variation among isolates of Alternaria solani and Alternaria alternata from potato and tomato. Mycologia 90 (5): 813–821. DOI: 10.2307/3761323.
Share
RELATED ARTICLE
| eISSN: | 1899-007X |
| ISSN: | 1427-4345 |
We process personal data collected when visiting the website. The function of obtaining information about users and their behavior is carried out by voluntarily entered information in forms and saving cookies in end devices. Data, including cookies, are used to provide services, improve the user experience and to analyze the traffic in accordance with the Privacy policy. Data are also collected and processed by Google Analytics tool (more).
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
You can change cookies settings in your browser. Restricted use of cookies in the browser configuration may affect some functionalities of the website.
