REVIEW
Nanoencapsulations of essential oils and microbial toxins as insecticides: Case studies for their further optimization
1
Pests and Plant Protection Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Institute, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
2
Pests and Plant Protection Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Institute, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
3
Plant Pathology Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
A - Research concept and design; B - Collection and/or assembly of data; C - Data analysis and interpretation; D - Writing the article; E - Critical revision of the article; F - Final approval of article
Submission date: 2024-06-13
Acceptance date: 2024-08-21
Online publication date: 2025-09-30
Corresponding author
Mahfouz M. M. Abd-Elgawad
Plant Pathology Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Plant Pathology Department, Agricultural and Biological Research Institute, National Research Centre, El-Behooth St., Dokki, Giza, Egypt
Journal of Plant Protection Research 2025;65(3):287-302
HIGHLIGHTS
- Nanoencapsulation lessens the use of unhealthy insecticides
- Their modes of action should be grasped before more expansion
- Importance to wisely incorporate PCR-based technology
- Suggestion to do the evaluation on a case-by-case basis
KEYWORDS
TOPICS
ABSTRACT
Indiscriminate use of excessive insecticides has mounted concerns over human health and
environmental pollution issues. In contrast, nanoencapsulations of many insecticides can
offer a broad range of reliable and mostly safe alternatives based on their nanoparticles
(NPs). These NPs possess virtually all the attributes of ideal biocontrol agents due to their
minute size which economizes usage to wide surface areas and boosts reactivity to increase
effectiveness. Many of their formulations presented herein have proved to render both huge
biocompatibility and supreme efficiency as insecticides. This review aimed to gather information
relevant to expanding and advancing technological tools for optimizing application
of insecticidal essential oils and microbial toxins with the targeted release and protective
merits of encapsulation. It highlights their various applications to demonstrate their merits
compared to other classical and commercial usages. The target pests included a variety of
exemplifying insects of stored grains, farming, and disease-vectors. Yet, limited recorded
data on their possible unfavorable impacts on humans and the environment might call for
their attentive usage particularly in large-scale settings. Hence, the related modes of action
of essential oils and microbial toxins are provided so that they could be used effectively and
carefully. Their insecticidal merits lend further urgency to the need to optimize their role
in pest management as related to challenges and opportunities which are discussed here to
upgrade sustainable agricultural systems.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors acknowledge the support in part of this
study by the US-Egypt Project cycle 22 entitled ‘Setting
and assessing integrated pest management tactics
to optimize livestock and honey bee production’. This
article is derived from the Subject Data funded in part
by NAS and USAID. Any opinions, findings, conclusions,
or recommendations expressed in it are those of the authors alone, and do not necessarily reflect the views of USAID or NAS. We also wish to thank
Dr. Z.A. Handoo for editing an earlier version of the
manuscript.
FUNDING
This research was supported by In-House project No.
13050112 entitled “Pesticide alternatives against soilborne
pathogens and pests attacking economically
significant export crops”, and by the In-House project
No. E-120710 entitled “Effects of the climatic changes
and fertilization resources on prediction and expected
frequencies of the annual generations of the major insect
pests on cotton cultivations”.
RESPONSIBLE EDITOR
Yi Zhou
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have declared that no conflict of interests exist.
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