Cereals, Poland’s main crops, are infected by various pathogens. This nationwide study aimed to monitor and detect the presence of major viruses in cereal crops across the country. Samples were collected from various regions of Poland over two consecutive growing seasons, 2023/2024 and 2024/2025. A total of 502 plants were analyzed: 196 barley, 195 wheat, 91 rye, 11 triticale, and 9 oat samples. Virus detection was initially performed using DAS-ELISA, followed by molecular analyses (RT-PCR, RT-PCR-RFLP, and duplex IC-PCR) on selected samples. During the survey, infections of cereal plants caused by barley yellow dwarf viruses (BYDVs), wheat dwarf virus (WDV), and wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) were confirmed in different parts of the country. The occurrence of the viruses varied between years. The results revealed the highest proportion of BYDV complex infections (58.7% and 67.3%), followed by WDV (8.9% and 34.5%) and WSMV (7.7% and 16.4%) in the 2023/2024 and 2024/2025 seasons, respectively. Molecular analysis confirmed the continued dominance of BYDV-PAS and WDV-W in Poland. The observations indicate that WSMV is becoming an increasing threat to wheat crops in the country.